a critical study of the theory of exclusiveness of "tribute and retribution" through "incarnation of deeds"

in the last two decades, a theory has been presented by some moslem philosophers, which implies that the paradise and the hell are not but the incarnations of man's behavior which appear to him in different ways. this article is an attempt to explain and criticize this viewpoint, which has been rejected by theologians and approved by philosophers. it is finally claimed that even though some of these deeds may be incarnated for the man, the retribution and tribute of man's deeds are not exclusively limited to the incarnation of deeds. there are also some questions presented in the article for the believers in the incarnation of deeds to answer.